Copyright © 2010 Prithwiraj Byabartta. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
[Ag(tht)(OTf)]-assisted reaction produces [AuIII(dppm)(tht)2](OSO2CF3)2, reacts with RaaiR′ in dichloromethane medium followed by ligand addition, and leads to [AuIII(dppm)(RaaiR′)](OTf)2(RaaiR′=p–R–C6H4–N=N–C3H2–NN–1–R′, (1–3), abbreviated as N,N′-chelator, where N(imidazole) and N(azo) represent N and N′, resp.; R = H (a), Me (b), Cl (c) and R′= Me (1), CH2CH3(2), CH2Ph
(3), dppm is diphenylphosphinomethane, OSO2CF3 is the triflate anion, and tht is tetrahydrothiophen). Ir spectra of the complexes show –C=N– and –N=N– stretching near at 1590 and 1370 cm−1 and near at 1100, 755, 695, 545, and 505 cm−1 due to the presence of dppm. The H1
NMR spectral measurements suggest that methylene, –CH2–, in RaaiEt gives a complex AB type multiplet while in RaaiCH2Ph it shows AB type quartets. Electrochemistry assigns ligand reduction.
1. Introduction
The biochemistry of gold with D-penicillamine, gluthadione, thiomalic acid, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, [1, 2], and albumin has been studied. The reactivity of gold occurs through the thiolate function of these biological molecules and leads to the formation of gold(I) thiolates, also called chrysotherapy agents. Other types of gold complexes used in medicinal chemistry are gold(I) mono- or bis-phosphines. They can bind to DNA via the guanine and cytosine bases [3, 4] and act as antitumor agents against L1210 leukemia and M5076 reticulum cell sarcoma. In 1972, Sutton synthesized a gold complex with a thiolate and a phosphine ligand: the 2, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-D-pyranosato-S-(triethylphosphine) gold(I) compound also known by the trade name Auranofin. It became one of the most promising gold complexes in medicinal chemistry, with a great potency against rheumatoid arthritis and cancer cells such as P388 leukemia and B16. A small number of scattered observations in the early structural chemistry of gold(I) complexes [5] have grown into a wealth of reports on related phenomena in the last two decades, which finally provided a clear pattern of the conditions under which direct interactions between closed-shell gold(I) centers can contribute significantly to the stability of molecular and multidimensional structures. The underlying “aurophilic’’ bonding has been analyzed in theoretical studies [6, 7]. Syntheses of hetero-tris-chelates, [Ru(bpy)n(
)3-n](ClO4)2 [bpy = 2,-bipyridine; ) containing labile reaction centres are reported from Professor Sinha's laboratory. Professor A. Chakravorty has unfolded this ligands rhenium chemistry. But the gold chemistry with multinuclear NMR spectroscopy of this ligand system is totally unexplored. In this paper, I examine the reaction of on gold(III) dppm derivatives and the products are isolated, [Au(dppm)()](OTf)3 ( = p–R–C6H4–N=N–C3H2–NN–1–, (1–3), abbreviated as N,-chelator, where N(imidazole) and N(azo) represent N and , resp.; R = H (a), Me (b), Cl (c) and = Me (1), CH2CH3 (2), CH2Ph (3), dppm is diphenylphosphinomethane, OSO2CF3 is the triflate anion, and tht is tetrahydrothiophen). The complexes are well charecterised by i.r., 1H n.m.r., 13C nmr, 1H–1H COSY nmr, 1H–13C HMQC, and mass spectrometry.
2. Results and Discussion
The complexes, [Au(dppm)()](OTf)2 ( = p–R–C6H4–N=N–C3H2–NN–1–, (1–3), abbreviated as N,-chelator, where N(imidazole) and N(azo) represent N and , resp.; R = H (a), Me (b), Cl (c) and = Me (1), CH2CH3 (2), CH2Ph (3), dppm is diphenylphosphinomethane, OSO2CF3 is the triflate anion, and tht is tetrahydrothiophen), were prepared by removing tht from [Au(dppm)(tht)2](OSO2CF3)2, with under stirring at 343–353 K in dichloromethane solution in good yield (75%–80%). The synthetic routes are shown in Scheme 1. The composition of the complexes is supported by microanalytical results. The red orange complexes are soluble in common organic solvents, namely. acetone, acetonitrile, chloroform, and dichloromethane but insoluble in H2O, methanol, and ethanol. In MeCN, the complexes, (1–3) behave as electrolytes (Λ = 60–90 Ω-1cm-1mol-1).
I.r. spectra of the complexes show a correspondence to the spectra of the bromo analogue, except for the appearance of intense stretching at 1365–1370 and 1570–1580 cm-1 with concomitant loss of ν(Au–Cl) at 320–340 cm-1. They are assigned to ν(N=N) and ν(C=N) appear at 1365–1380 and 1570–1600 cm-1, respectively (Figure 1). Other important frequencies are ν (dppm) at 1110–1120, 1200–1210, 1250–1260, 750–760, 695–700, and 500–510 cm-1 along with weak bands at 545–550 cm-1. Phosphorous n.m.r., 31 P 1Hnmr, gives a concrete idea on the nature of complexes and is very much informative of the present series of complexes. Due to the presence of azo-imine function, which is pi acidic in nature, stabilises the gold (III) oxidation state giving the value of 36.3. Fluorine n.m.r., 19F HNMR, of the present series of complexes shows a sharp peak at for the presence of triflate ion. The 1H n.m.r. spectra of (1–3) complexes were unambiguously assigned (Figures 1 and 2) on comparing with parent complex and the free ligand (Raai). The proton movement upon substitution (9-R) is corroborated with the electromeric effect of R. The aryl protons (7-H-11-H) of (7–9) are downfield shifted by 0.1–0.7 ppm as compared to those of the parent derivatives. They are affected by substitution; 8- and 10-H are severely perturbed due to changes in the electronic properties of the substituents in the C(9)-position. Imidazole 4- and 5-H appear as doublet at the lower-frequency side of the spectra (7.0–7.2 ppm for 4-H; 6.9–7.1 ppm for 5-H). The aryl protons 7-(-) and 11-(-)H resonate asymmetrically indicating a magnetically anisotropic environment even in the solution phase. The 1- [ = Me, CH2CH3, CH2(Ph)] exhibits usual spin-spin interaction. 1-Me appears as a singlet at 2.0 ppm for [Au(dppm)(RaaiMe)]2+; the methylene protons 1-CH2-(CH3) show AB type quartet (ca. 4.4, 4.6 ppm) and (1-CH2)CH3 gives a triplet at 1.5 ppm (7.0–8.0 Hz) for [Au(dppm)(RaaiCH2CH3)]2+. 1-CH2(Ph) protons appear at AB type quartets (ca. 5.5, 5.7 ppm) with geminal coupling constant avgerage 8.8 Hz in [Au(dppm)(RaaiCH2Ph)]2+ (Scheme 2).
Figure 1: From above, H NMR, 13C (H)NMR of complex 2a and below, IR spectra of complex 2a and 2b.
Figure 2: H NMR of complex 2c and H H COSY NMR of complex 2c and its extended portion.
The 13C (H)NMR spectrum provides direct information about the carbon skeleton of the molecule. Assignment of different resonant peaks to respective carbon atoms is done on nine complexes and the data are given on experimental section (Figures 1 and 2). The carbon atom is adjacent to the PPh3 molecule in the complex resonance at a lower field resulting in the conjugative effect of the phenyl ring with more electronegative pi-conjugate system. The methyl carbon atom of the imidazole ring resonates at 30 ppm, reasonably comparing to the other carbon atoms resonance. In the COSY spectrum, absence of any off-diagonal peaks extending from δ = 14.1 ppm and 9.5 ppm confirms their assignment of no proton on N(1) and N(3), respectively. However, extending horizontal and vertical lines from δ = 8.3 ppm [C(8)H] and 8.6 ppm [C(10)H] encounter cross peaks at δ = 7.1 ppm and 7.2 ppm, where the C(7)H and C(11)H resonances are merged into multiplets along with the phenyl ring proton resonances. The 1H–13C heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC) spectrum provides information regarding the interaction between the protons and the carbon atoms to which they are directly attached. The peaks observed at δ = 134, 131, 135 ppm, and 137 ppm assign them to the C(9), C(8), C(7), C(11), and C(10) carbon atoms, respectively, due to their interaction with H resonance at δ = 7.4, 7.5, 7.8, 7.80 ppm, and 7.3 ppm. The electrochemical properties of the complexes were examined cyclic voltammetrically at a glassy carbon-working electrode in MeCN and the potentials are referred to SCE. The voltammogram shows the ligand reductions at the negative to SCE. In the potential range to V at the scan rate 50 mVs-1 two redox couples are observed prominent and all are at the negative side of the voltammogram. One electron nature of the redox process is supported by the / ratio ( = anodic peak current and = cathodic peak current) which varies from to −0.79 and from to . Two redox couples at negative to SCE are due to reductions of ligand.
3. Conclusion
This work describes the isolation of a novel series of Gold(III) azo-imine complexes, [Au(dppm)()](OTf)2, and their spectral and elemental characterisation. 1H NMR study suggests quartet splitting of ethyl substitution. 31P 1HNMR is very much informative and they show that the sharp signals at 36.13 ppm 13C (1H)NMR study suggests molecular skeleton. 1H–1H COSY spectrum as well as contour peaks in the 1H–13C HMQC spectrum assigns them to the carbon hydrogen atoms interaction. Electrochemistry assigns ligand reduction part rather than metal oxidation.
4. Experimental
Published methods were used to prepare Raai, [Au(dppm)(Cl)2]. All other chemicals and organic solvents used for preparative work were of reagent grade (SRL, Sigma Alhrich). The purification of MeCN used as solvent and other solvents was done following literature method. Microanalytical data (C, H, N) were collected using a Perkin Elmer 2400 CHN instrument. I.r. spectra were obtained using a JASCO 420 spectrophotometer (using KBr disks, 4000–200 cm-1). The 1H nmr spectra in CDCl3 were obtained on a Bruker 500 MHz FT n.m.r spectrometer using SiMe4 as internal reference, CFCl3 (external 19F). Solution electrical conductivities were measured using a Systronics 304 conductivity meter with solute concentration ~10-3 M in acetonitrile. Mass spectra were recorded on VG Autospec ESI-mass spectrometry. Electrochemical work was carried out using an EG & G PARC Versastat computer-controlled 250 electrochemical system. All experiments were performed under an N2 atmosphere at 298 K using a Pt-disk milli working electrode at a scan rate of 50 mVs-1. All results were referenced to a saturated calomel electrode (SCE).
4.1. Preparation of the Complexes [Au(dppm)(HaaiEt)](OTf)3, 2b
To a dichloromethane slight yellow colour solution (15 cm3) of [Au(dppm)Cl2] (0.665 g, 0.10 mmol) [Ag(tht)(OTf)] was added () to produce [Au(dppm)(tht)2](OSO2CF3)2 (0.945 g, 0.20 mmol) into this, yellow dichloromethane solution of 1-ethyl-2-(p-tolylazo)imidazole was added slowly, dropwise, and the mixture was stirred at 343–353 K for 12 hours, where, respectively, added the other ligands, HeaaiMe (0.0186 g, 0.1 mmol, 1a), MeaaiMe (0.020 g, 0.1 mmol, 1b), ClaaiMe (0.0220 g, 0.1 mmol, 1c), HaaiEt (0.020 g, 0.1 mmol, 2a), MeaaiEt (0.0214 g, 0.1 mmol, 2b), ClaaiEt (0.0235 g, 0.1 mmol, 2c), HaaiBz (0.0262 g, 0.1 mmol, 3a), MeaaiBz (0.0276 g, 0.1 mmol, 3b), and ClaaiBz (0.0297 g, 0.1 mmol, 3c). The orange solution that resulted was concentrated (4 cm3) and kept in a refrigerator overnight (1 hour). The addition of hexane to the above red solution gives precipitate which was collected by filtration, washed thoroughly with hexane to remove excess ligand, and then dried in vacuo over pump overnight. The yield was 0.088 g (80%). All other complexes were prepared similarly as stated above.
Analysis for [Au(dppm)(HaaiMe)](OTf)2, 1a, Found, C, 54.83, H, 4.16, N, 7.36, Calcd. For [C35H32N4P2Au](OSO2CF3)2, C, 54.8, H, 4.2, N, 7.4; IR ν(N=N) 1370 ν(C=N) 1590 ν(dppm) 1100, 750, 690, 550, 505; 31P 1HNMR, ppm, 36.13; 1H NMR, ppm, 8.2(d, H(7,11), Hz), 8.02(d, H(8,10), Hz), 7.26(d, H(4), Hz), 7.34(d, H(5), Hz), 7.1-7.2 (m, dppm); 19F 1HNMR, ppm, (OTf), 13C 1HNMR, ppm, 129.1, 129.3–130.4 (dppm, 18C), 134.5(C2), 124(C4), 125(C5), 125.3(C7,11), 129.2(C8,10), 134(C6), 42(Me Gr.); ESIMS, 767(M–OTf); Analysis for [Au(dppm)(MeaaiMe)](OTf)2, 1b, Found, C, 55.3, H, 4.6, N, 7.3, Calcd. For [C36H34N4P2Au](OSO2CF3)2, C, 55.8, H, 4.5, N, 7.2; IR ν(N=N) 1370 ν(C=N) 1590 ν (dppm) 1100, 750, 690, 550, 505; 31P 1HNMR, ppm, 36.1; 1H NMR, ppm, 8.0(d, H(7,11), Hz), 8.12(d, H(8,10), Hz), 1.9(s, H(CH3),), 7.2(d, H(4), Hz), 7.44(d, H(5), Hz), 7.01–7.2(m, dppm); 19F 1HNMR, ppm, (OTf), 13C 1HNMR, ppm, 129.1, 129.3–130.4 (dppm, 18C), 134.5(C2), 124(C4), 125(C5), 125.3(C7,11), 129.2(C8,10), 134(C6), ESIMS, 781(M–OTf); Analysis for [Au(dppm)(ClaaiMe)](OTf)2, 1c, Found, C, 52.43, H, 3.86, N, 6.96, Calcd. For [C35H31N4P2AuCl](OSO2CF3)2, C, 52.8, H, 3.82, N, 7.0; IR ν(N=N) 1370 ν(C=N) 1590 ν (dppm) 1105, 755, 690, 555, 505; 31P 1HNMR, ppm, 36.23; 1H NMR, ppm, 8.2(d, H(7,11), Hz), 8.12(d, H(8,10), Hz), 1.9(s, N–(CH3),), 7.26(d, H(4), Hz), 7.34(d, H(5), Hz), 7.1-7.2(m, dppm); 19F 1HNMR, ppm, (OTf), 13C 1HNMR, ppm, 129, 129.3–130.4(dppm, 18C), 134.5(C2), 124(C4), 125(C5), 125.3(C7,11), 129(C8,10), 134(C6), not obs.(Me Gr.); ESIMS, 801(M–OTf); Analysis for [Au(dppm) (HaaiEt)](OTf)2, 2a, Found, C, 55.3, H, 4.46, N, 7.26, Calcd. For [C36H34N4P2Au](OSO2CF3)2, C, 55.38, H, 4.2, N, 7.24; IR ν(N=N) 1370 ν(C=N) 1590 ν(dppm) 1100,750, 690,555,505; 31P 1HNMR, ppm, 36.33; 1H NMR, ppm, 8.12(d, H(7,11), Hz), 8.02(d, H(8,10), Hz), 7.26(d, H(4), Hz), 7.3(d, H(5), Hz), 4,1.88(N–Et), 7.01–7.2(m, dppm); 19F 1HNMR, ppm, (OTf), 13C 1HNMR, ppm, 129.1, 129.3–130(dppm, 18C), 134.5(C2), 124(C4), 125(C5), 125.3(C7,11), 129.2(C8,10), 134(C6), not obs. (Et Gr.); ESIMS, 781(M–OTf); Analysis for [Au(dppm)(MeaaiEt)](OTf)2, 2b, Found, C, 55.83, H, 4.56, N, 7.06, Calcd. For [C37H36N4P2Au](OSO2CF3)2, C, 55.8, H, 4.52, N, 7.04; IR ν(N=N) 1370 ν(C=N) 1590 ν(dppm) 1100,750, 690, 550, 505; 31P 1HNMR, ppm, 36.03; 1H NMR, ppm, 8.0(d, H(7,11), Hz), 8.02(d, H(8,10), Hz), 1.9(s, H(CH3), 4.0,2.0(N–Et), 7.26(d, H(4), Hz), 7.34(d, H(5), Hz), 7.1-7.2(m, dppm); 19F 1HNMR, ppm, (OTf), 13C 1HNMR, ppm, 129.1, 129–130.4(dppm, 18C), 134.5(C2), 124(C4), 125(C5), 125.3(C7,11), 129.2(C8,10), 134(C6), 30,42(Et Gr.); ESIMS, 795(M–OTf); Analysis for [Au(dppm)(ClaaiEt)](OTf)2, 2c, Found, C, 51.53, H, 4.06, N, 6.86, Calcd. For [C36H33N4P2AuCl](OSO2CF3)2, C, 51.58, H, 4.02, N, 6.84; IR ν(N=N) 1370 ν(C=N) 1590 ν(dppm) 1105, 755, 695, 555, 505; 31P 1HNMR, ppm, 36.13; 1H NMR, ppm, 8.2(d, H(7,11), Hz), 8.02(d, H(8,10), Hz), 4.0, 1.9(s, N–(Et),), 7.26(d, H(4), Hz), 7.34(d, H(5), Hz), 7.1-7.2(m, dppm); 19F 1HNMR, ppm, (OTf), 13C 1HNMR, ppm, 129.1, 129.3–130.4(dppm, 18C), 134(C2), 124(C4), 125(C5), 125.3(C7,11), 129.2(C8,10), 134(C6), 30, 42(Et Gr.); ESIMS, 815(M–OTf); Analysis for [Au(dppm)(HaaiBz)](OTf)2, 3a, Found, C, 58.33, H, 4.26, N, 6.6, Calcd. For [C41H36N4P2Au](OSO2CF3)2, C, 58.8, H, 4.2, N, 6.4; IR ν(N=N) 1370 ν(C=N) 1590 ν(dppm) 1100, 750, 690, 550, 505; 31P 1HNMR, ppm, 36.13; 1H NMR, ppm, 8.2(d, H(7,11), Hz), 8.02(d, H(8,10), Hz), 5.29(s, N(Bz), 7.26(d, H(4), Hz), 7.34(d, H(5), Hz), 7.1-7.2(m, dppm); 19F 1HNMR, ppm, (OTf), 13C 1HNMR, ppm, 129.1, 129.3–130.4(dppm, 18C), 134.5(C2), 124(C4), 125(C5), 125.3(C7,11), 129.2(C8,10), 134(C6), 42(Me Gr.); ESIMS, 843(M–OTf); Analysis for [Au(dppm)(MeaaiBz)](OTf)2, 3b, Found, C, 58.83, H, 4.46, N, 6.36, Calcd. For [C42H38N4P2Au](OSO2CF3)2, C, 58.8, H, 4.42, N, 6.4; IR ν(N=N) 1370 ν(C=N) 1590 ν(dppm) 1100, 750, 690, 550, 505; 31P 1HNMR, ppm, 36.3; 1H NMR, ppm, 8.2(d, H(7,11), Hz), 8.12(d, H(8,10), Hz), 1.9(s, H(CH3),), 7.26(d, H(4), Hz), 7.34(d, H(5), Hz), 7.1-7.2(m, dppm); 19F 1HNMR, ppm, (OTf), 13C 1HNMR, ppm, 129.1, 129.3–130.4(dppm, 18C), 134.5(C2), 124(C4), 125(C5), 125.3(C7,11), 129.2(C8,10), 134(C6), ESIMS, 857(M–OTf); Analysis for [Au(dppm)(ClaaiBz)](OTf)2, 1a, Found, C, 56.83, H, 4.06, N, 6.36, Calcd. For [C41H35N4P2AuCl](OSO2CF3)2, C, 56.8, H, 4.02, N, 6.4; IR ν(N=N) 1370 ν(C=N) 1595 ν(dppm) 1105, 750, 695, 555, 505; 31P 1HNMR, ppm, 36.3; 1H NMR, ppm, 8.2(d, H(7,11), Hz), 8.02(d, H(8,10), Hz), 4.9(s, H(Bz), 7.26(d, H(4), Hz), 7.34(d, H(5), Hz), 7.1-7.2(m, dppm); 19F 1HNMR, ppm, (OTf), 13C 1HNMR, ppm, 129.1, 129.3–130.4(dppm, 18C), 134.5(C2), 124(C4), 125(C5), 125.3(C7,11), 129.2(C8,10), 134(C6), ESIMS, 877(M–OTf).
Acknowledgment
The Ministerio De Education Y Ciencia (Grant no. SB2004-0060), Madrid, is thanked for financial support.
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